Here’s What Janet Yellen Has to Say to Consumers
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Chairwoman Janet Yellen sought to justify the Federal Reserve's interest hike on Wednesday during a press conference in which she said the decision sends a "simple message" to consumers that the economy is "doing well."
"We have confidence in the robustness of the economy and its resilience to shocks. It's performed well over the last several years," Yellen told reporters. "We've created since the trough in employment after the financial crisis, around 16 million jobs. The unemployment rate has moved way down. And many more people feel optimistic about their prospects in the labor market. There's job security."
Earlier in the day, the central bank announced an increase to its benchmark interest rate, the second interest hike in three months and third overall since the financial crisis of the late 2000s. The Fed additionally suggested that two more interest hikes are on the way in 2017, but Yellen maintained her confidence in the American economy.
"We're operating in an environment where the U.S. economy is performing well. And we seem pretty balanced. So, I think people can feel good about the economic outlook," she said.
Read a full transcript of Yellen's press conference below.
[*] YELLEN: Good afternoon.
Today, the Federal Open Market Committee decided to raise the target range for the federal funds rate by one-quarter percentage point, bringing it to three-quarters to one percent. Our decision to make another gradual reduction in the amount of policy accommodation reflects the economy's continued progress toward the employment and price stability objectives assigned to us by law.
YELLEN: For some time, the committee has judged that if economic conditions evolved as anticipated, gradual increases in the federal funds rate would likely be appropriate it achieve and maintain our objectives. Today's decision is in line with that view and does not represent a reassessment of the economic outlook or of the appropriate course for monetary policy. I'll have more to say about monetary policy shortly, but first I'll review recent economic developments in the outlook.
The economy continues to expand at a moderate pace. Solid income gains and relatively high levels of consumer sentiment and wealth have supported household spending growth. Business investment, which was soft for much of last year, has firmed somewhat. And business sentiment is at favorable levels. Overall, we continue to expect that the economy will expand at a moderate pace over the next few years.
Job gains averaged about 200,000 per month over the past three months, maintaining the solid pace we have seen over the past year. The unemployment rate was 4.7 percent in February near its recent low. Broader measures of labor market underutilization also remain low. Participation in the labor force has been little changed on net for about three years. Given the underlying downward trend in participation, stemming largely from the aging of the U.S. population, a relatively steady participation rate is a further sign of improving conditions in the labor market. Looking ahead, we expect that job conditions will strengthen somewhat further.
Turning to inflation, the 12-month change in the price index for personal consumption expenditures rose to nearly two percent in January up from less than one percent last summer. That rise was largely driven by energy prices which have been increasing recently after earlier declines. Core inflation, which excludes volatile energy and food prices and intends to be a better indicator of future inflation, has been little changed in recent months at about 1.75 percent. We expect core inflation to move up and overall inflation to stabilize around two percent over the next couple of years in line with our longer-run objective.
Let me now turn to the economic projections that were submitted for this meeting by committee participants. As always, participants condition their projections on their own individual views of appropriate monetary policy which in turn depend on each participant's assessment of the many factors that shape the outlook.
The median projection for growth of inflation-adjusted gross domestic product is 2.1 percent this year and next and edges down to 1.9 percent in 2019, slightly above its estimated longer-run rate. The median projection for the unemployment rate stands at 4.5 percent in the fourth quarter of this year and remains at that level over the next two years, modestly below the median estimate of its longer-run normal rate. Finally, the median inflation projection is 1.9 percent this year and rises to two percent in 2018 and 2019. These economic projections are very little changed from those made in December.
Returning to monetary policy, the committee judged that a modest increase in the federal funds rate is appropriate in light of the economy's solid progress toward our goals of maximum employment and price stability. Even after this increase, monetary policy remains accommodative, thus supporting some further strengthening in the job market and a sustained return to two percent inflation.
Today's decision also reflects our view that waiting too long to scale back some accommodation could potentially require us to raise rates rapidly some time down the road, which in turn could risk disrupting financial markets and pushing the economy into recession.
YELLEN: We continue to expect that the ongoing strength of the economy with warrant gradual increases in the federal funds rate to achieve and maintain our objectives. That's based on our view that the neutral nominal federal funds rate, that is the interest rate that is neither expansionary nor contractionary and keeps the economy operating on an even keel, is currently quite low by historical standards. That means that the federal funds rate does not have to rise by all that much to get to a neutral policy stance.
We also expect the neutral level of the federal funds rate to rise somewhat over time, meaning that additional gradual rate hikes are likely to be appropriate over the next few years to sustain the economic expansion. Even so, the committee continues to anticipate that the longer-run neutral level of the federal funds rate is still likely to remain below levels that prevailed in -- in previous decades. This view is consistent with participants' projections of appropriate monetary policy.
The median projection for the federal funds rate is 1.4 percent at the end of this year, 2.1 percent at the end of next year and three percent at the end of 2019 in line with its estimated longer-run value. Compared with the projections made in December, the median path for the federal funds rate is essentially unchanged. As always, the economic outlook is highly uncertain and participants will adjust their assessments of the appropriate path for the federal funds rate in response to changes to their economic outlooks and views of the risks to their outlooks.
Changes in economic policies, including fiscal and other policies, could potentially affect the economic outlook. Of course, it is still too early to know how these policies will unfold. Moreover, fiscal policy is only one of many factors that can influence the outlook. In making our decisions, we will continue as always to assess economic conditions relative to our dual mandate. As I've noted previously, policy is not on a preset course.
Finally, we will continue to reinvest proceeds from maturing Treasury securities and principal payments from agency debt and mortgage-backed security. This policy, by keeping the committee's holdings of longer-term securities at sizable levels, has helped maintain accommodative financial conditions.
As a matter of prudent planning, we discussed at this meeting a number of issues related to an eventual change to our reinvestment policy. We made no decisions and we will continue our discussion at subsequent meetings. In keeping with the principle that the process of normalizing our balance sheet will be gradual and predictable, we will provide more information about our plans as it becomes available.
Thank you. I'd be happy to take your questions.
QUESTION: Thanks (inaudible).
(Inaudible) on the last topic, which is the -- the balance sheet normalization. Clearly, you've said you don't want to start pulling in the size of the balance sheet until normalization is well under way. Could you give us some sort of sense about what well under way means, at least in your mind? What kind of hurdles are you setting? What kind of economic conditions would you like to see? Is it just a matter of the level of the short-term federal funds rate as being the main issue?
And what kind of role do you see the role of the balance sheet playing in the normalization process over the longer term? Is it an active tool or is it a passive tool? Thanks.
YELLEN: So let me start with the second question first. We have emphasized for quite some time that in the committee wishes to use variations in the Fed funds rate target or short-term interest rate target as our key active tool of policy. We think it's much easier in using that tool to communicate the stance of policy. We have much more experience with it and have a better idea of its impact on the economy.
So while the balance asset purchases are a tool that we could conceivably resort to if we found ourselves in a serious downturn where we were again up against the zero bound and faced with substantial weakness in the economy, it's not a tool that we would want to use as a routine tool of policy.
You asked what "well underway" means. I can't give you a specific answer to that. And I think the right -- the right way to look at it is in qualitative, and not quantitative terms. It doesn't mean some particular cut-off level for the federal funds rate, that when we've reached that level, we would consider ourselves well underway.
I think we -- what we want to have in confidence in the economy's trajectory, a sense that the economy will make progress, that we're not overly worried about down-side risks and adverse shocks that could hit the economy, that could quickly after setting it off on the path to shrinking the balance sheet gradually over time, cause us to want to begin to add monetary policy accommodation.
So I think it has to do with the balance of risks and confidence in the economic outlook, and not simply the level of the federal funds rate.
(CROSSTALK)
QUESTION: Hi. Thank you. Jason Lange with Reuters.
You mention that -- that you don't -- that you don't -- you want to not have to raise rates rapidly if you were to fall behind the curve. In the current context, gradual has been very, very gradual. Could you describe what a rapid rate of increases should be -- how that should be understood?
YELLEN: So, I'm not sure that I can tell you what a rapid rate of increases is. I think the trajectory that you see is the median in our projections, which this year looks to a total of three increases. That certainly qualifies as gradual. My comfort in using the term "gradual" comes back in part to my -- my judgment that the neutral level of the federal funds rate, namely the level of the federal funds rate, that we keep the economy operating on an even keel; that it's a rate where we neither are pressing on the brake nor pushing down on the accelerator. That level of interest rates is quite low.
So at present, I see monetary policy as accommodative. Namely the current level of the federal funds rate is below that neutral rate, but not very far below the neutral rate. We're closing in, I think, on our employment objective. We're coming closer on our inflation objective. As we reach those objectives, and particularly in light of the fact that we see the risks to the outlook as roughly balanced at this point. And that's been our assessment for the last several meetings.
It looks to us to be appropriate to gradually raise the federal funds rate back in the direction of neutral. And exactly how many increases is that? You know, the SEV (ph) give you a sense of what committee participants envision in a concrete sense. But, you know, if it's one more or one less, I think that still -- that still qualifies, to my mind, as gradual.
I think if you compare it with any previous tightening cycle -- I remember when rates were raised at every meeting, starting in mid- 2004. And I think people thought that was a gradual pace -- measured pace. And we're certainly not envisioning something like that.
QUESTION: Steve Liesman, CNBC.
Both the OECD and the IMF have raised their forecast in part because of -- for the U.S., for U.S. growth -- in part because of the policies expected from the new administration. Yet the Fed has not. And I take it from your comment at the very beginning that this -- these forecasts today represent no reassessment.
Has the committee discussed what policy might look like in the event that there are large tax cuts passed or infrastructure spending passed? And -- and what might policy look like if those policies become law?
Finally, why did you remove the word "only" before the word "gradual" when you talked about future rate increases?
YELLEN: So, we have not discussed in detail potential policy changes that could be put into place, and we have not tried to map out what our response would be to particular policy measures. We recognize that there is great uncertainty about the timing, the size, the character of policy changes that may be put in place and don't think that that's a decision or a set of decisions that we need to make until we know more about what policy changes will go into effect.
So I do want to emphasize that while some participants have penciled in some fiscal policy changes into their projections, that the basis for today's decision is simply our assessment of the progress of the economy against our long established goals of maximum employment and price stability. There's nothing that we've done or anticipate that is a speculation. I think it's fair to say there's nothing that's speculation about preemptive responses to future policy moves. We have plenty of time to see what happens.
We did remove the word only in the statement today from gradual -- I think this is something that shouldn't be overinterpreted. I regard it as a relatively small change and think it's appropriate for you to consider it in the context, for example, of the fact that our economic projections are virtually identical to those that we issued in December. They're essentially unchanged both in terms of the path of the economy and the path of the federal funds rate.
So we've carried out a modest adjustment of the federal funds rate because we've seen the economy progressing over the last several months in exactly the way that we anticipated. We haven't in any way changed our view about where the economy is heading or the risks. We had long said that if the economy progressed, and it's -- you know, it's been doing nicely and I think making progress and showing resilience and have, you know, have some confidence in the path the economy is on. And if we continue to feel that, we will likely regard it as appropriate to make some further moves to scale back accommodation to move toward neutral along the lines in the SEP.
Now, obviously there is surprises. Our economic forecast can change. But the word gradual I think emphasizes that if things continue in the manner that we've been going, as we have said now for quite some time, we think the gradual -- some gradual increases in the federal funds rate will be appropriate. And this is not -- you know, this is not a significant -- this is not a significant change.
QUESTION: Peter Barnes, Fox Business, ma'am.
Speaking of fiscal policy, have you had a chance to meet with the new Treasury secretary yet, Mr. Mnuchin? If not, when will you meet with him? What do you want to talk to him about? And similarly, have you have a chance to talk to President Trump yet or meet with him? And if not, would you like to and would you and what would you talk about? Thank you.
YELLEN: I've met a couple of times with the Treasury secretary and I'm getting to know him and I think you know it's traditional for Fed chairs and Treasury secretaries to meet on a regular basis. And I fully expect to have a strong relationship with Secretary Mnuchin. We've had very good discussions about the economy, about regulatory objectives, the work of the FSOC, global economic developments and I look forward to continuing to work with him.
I was introduced to the president. I had a very brief meeting and appreciated that as well.
QUESTION: Anna Swanson, The Washington Post.
You said that the neutral level of the federal funds rate is quite low. How close do you judge it to be to the inflation rate? And what do you anticipate will be the force pushing up the neutral interest rate over the next few years? Could fiscal policy be among them?
YELLEN: So, I've given a number of recent speeches on this topic where I've developed my views more fully. I would say over the longer-run, that means going several years out. I think the evidence suggests that the neutral rate may be something in real terms that might be close to one percent or a little bit under that, that would be consistent with the median longer-run value of the federal funds rate in our economic projections for the last several meetings. Three percent is the longer-run normal federal funds rate that participants estimate in real terms with a two percent inflation objective. That's one percent in real terms.
And I've -- and why is it so low? Well, I think there's very strong evidence that's accumulated that this rate has been falling not just in the United States, but in many advanced nations, and the decline probably predates the financial crisis. I think in part, it reflects slowing population growth and also slow productivity growth here and in many other advanced nations. But some recent work suggests that at the present time, the neutral real rate is yet lower than that and some estimates place it around zero in real terms.
So I think the lower current rate arguably reflects headwinds that are left over from the financial crisis. One form of headwind, I think, has been caution and restraint and risk aversion on the part of households and businesses that's held back spending decisions. And I suppose my judgment that it'll move up over time reflects a notion that part of that will gradually dissipate over the years. So that's a sense of where I think.
Now, there is uncertainty about the neutral rate, and as you mentioned, it is -- it can be effected by shifts in fiscal policy. How the neutral rate's affected by fiscal policy, that really depend importantly on the nature, the size of the fiscal shift and the effect it has both on demand and supply in the economy.
QUESTION: Thank you. Nick Timiraos of The Wall Street Journal.
Chair Yellen, between the release of the minutes of the previous meeting late last month and your speech in Chicago earlier this month, market expectations about an increase in rates today changed quite dramatically. What happened over the course of those two weeks to make officials far more interested in signaling the idea of raising rates at today's meeting? And why do you think the market was so out of sync with where the central bank was?
YELLEN: So, when I look at our sequence of communications, they seem to me to have been reasonably consistent over this entire period. We had indicated in December that we expect -- we saw the risks as balanced, and if the economy continued to progress along the lines, we expected that several rate increases would likely be appropriate.
The minutes of our January meeting indicated that many participants thought that an increase in the funds rate would be appropriate fairly soon if things continued along those lines. I indicated in my congressional testimony that I thought that indeed the economy was progressing in line with our expectations. And as I think all of us having that expectation and that if the economy continued to progress along the lines that we expected and we continued to see the risks as balanced, do regard it as appropriate to gradually remove accommodation that's in place.
By having several interest rate increases this year, as we saw the data continue to come in, in line with our expectations, my colleagues and I spoke out and indicated that indeed that had been and continued to be our expectations.
YELLEN: Now, you know, when you ask me how did we get out of sync with the market, this is something I tried to reflect on a bit in the remarks I made in Chicago. And of course, it is true that in 2015 and 2016 each, we raised the federal funds rate only once and perhaps market participants have been influenced by that pattern. I did try to explain the reasons why we had moved so slowly during those two years. And it reflects I think a set of shocks, partly emanating from the global economy and risks that we saw to the outlook, as well as more fundamental assessments -- reassessments pertaining to the neutral level of the federal funds rate, and the longer-run normal level of the unemployment rate.
So, I think there are reasons, but it is important for the public to understand that we're getting closer to reaching our objectives; that policy is accommodative; that although the level of the neutral federal funds rate is probably quite low, we nevertheless have an accommodative stance of policy. And it will be appropriate to gradually move toward a neutral stance if we continue on the path we're on.
(CROSSTALK)
QUESTION: Binyamin Appelbaum, the New York Times.
The Bank for International Settlements has raised concerns that central banks are being insufficiently attentive to asset price -- excuse me -- asset price inflation. And stock market investors in the United States certainly don't seem to be waiting for the Trump administration to actually implement its fiscal policies.
And I guess I'm just curious to know how much of a concern that is for you. And if not, why not, given the remarkably elevated level of stock price evaluation?
YELLEN: Well, we do look at financial conditions in formulating our view of the outlook. And stock prices do figure into financial conditions. So I think the higher level of stock prices is one factor that looks like it's likely to somewhat boost consumption spending.
We also notice that in the last several months that risk spreads, particularly for lower-grade corporate issuers, have narrowed, which is another signal that financial conditions have become somewhat easier.
Now, on the other side, longer-term interest rates are up some in recent months, and the dollar is a little stronger. How does that net out? There are private sector analysts that produce financial conditions, indices that attempt to aggregate all these different factors affecting financial conditions. And for some of the more prominent analysts and indices, I think the conclusion they've reached is that financial conditions on balance have eased. And that's partly driven by the stock market.
So, that is a factor that affects the outlook.
QUESTION: Marty Crutsinger, Associated Press.
You and Secretary Mnuchin will be meeting with your G-20 colleagues in Germany this weekend. What do you expect to find there? Do you think the group assessment is going to be that the world economy is finally out of the woods doing better? Or do you think that there are still going to be worries about risk?
And would one of those risk worries be that the Fed might raise rates too quickly?
YELLEN: Well, we always exchange views on the economic outlook and developments in our country. And it will be my objective to explain -- explain U.S. monetary policy and to try to make the same points to them that I've made here already today about what the outlook is for monetary policy in the United States.
I -- I think it's fair to say that the global economy is doing better. It's growing a bit more strongly than it was perhaps the last time I got together with my counterparts in the G-20; that the risks do look somewhat more balanced. But there remain a set of very significant risks, medium-term, facing the global economy. And I'm sure that those will be discussed as well.
QUESTION: Hi. Jim Puzzanghera with the Los Angeles Times.
You said you and your colleagues aren't making assumptions about stimulative fiscal policy. But many other people are. Business and consumer confidence has jumped since the election. Home builder sentiment today was at its highest level since 2005.
Are you concerned about the effects on the economy if some of these policies such as tax cuts and infrastructure spending don't get enacted or are delayed?
YELLEN: So, we recognize -- our statement actually last time noted that there had been an improvement, a marked improvement in business and household sentiment. It -- it's uncertain just how much sentiment actually impacts spending decisions, and I wouldn't say at this point that I have seen hard evidence of any change in spending decisions based on expectations about the future.
We exchange around the table what we learn from our many business contacts, and I think it's fair to say that many of my colleagues and I note a much more optimistic frame of mind among many -- many businesses in recent months. But I'd say most of the business people that we've talked to also have a wait-and-see attitude, and are very hopeful that they will be able to expand investment, and are looking forward to doing that, but are waiting to see what will happen.
So we will watch that, and of course, if we were to see a major shift in spending reflecting those expectations, that could very well affect the outlook. I'm not seeing it -- I'm not seeing that at that -- this point. But the shift in sentiment is -- is obvious and notable.
QUESTION: Thank you. There's a perception out there that the Fed could somehow stand in the way of some of the economic growth policies that the new administration is pursuing. Given that the Fed is projecting 1.8 percent growth in the long run, is this a potential point of conflict for the Fed in the new administration?
YELLEN: So I -- I don't believe it is a point of conflict. We would certainly welcome stronger economic growth in the context of price stability. And if policies were put in place to speed growth, that I've certainly urged Congress and the administration to consider policies that would boost productivity growth and raise the economies so-called safe (ph) limit or potential to grow, I think that those would be -- those would be very welcome changes that we would like to see.
QUESTION: I'm going to try to take the opposite side of this, because -- and this question about market expectations, and how the market's got things wrong, and then how you say the Fed suddenly clarified what it already said. But for example, if the -- if you look at the Atlanta Fed's latest GDP tracker for the first quarter, it's down to 0.9 percent. We had a retail sales report that was mixed. We had the, you know, the upper divisions of previous months make it look better. But the consumer does not appear to be roaring in the first quarter, kind of underscoring the wait-and-see attitude you just mentioned.
If you look at measured of labor compensation, you note in the statement that they're not moving up. And in fact, they are -- and if you look at average out, there are so many things you can look at. And you yourself have said in the past that the fact that that is happening is perhaps an indication there's still slack in the labor market.
I guess my question is this: In another sense, what happened between December and March? GDP is tracking very low. Measures of labor compensation are not threatening to boost inflation any time fast. The consumer is not picking up very much. Fiscal policy, we don't know what's going to happen with Donald Trump. And yet, you have to raise rates now. So what is the -- what is the motivation here? The economy is so far from your forecast in terms of GDP, why does the Fed have to move now? What does this signal, then, about the rest of the year?
YELLEN: So GDP is a pretty noisy indicator. If one averages through several quarters, I would describe our economy as one that has been growing around two percent per year. And as you can see from our projections, we -- that's something we expect to continue over the next couple of years.
Now, that pace of growth has been consistent with a pace of job creation that is more rapid than what is sustainable if labor force participation begins to move down, in line with what we see as its longer-run trend with an aging population.
Now, unemployment hasn't moved that much, in part because people have been drawn into the labor force. Labor force participation, as I mentioned in my remarks, has been about flat over the last three years. So in that sense, the economy has shown over the last several years that it may have had more room to run than some people might have estimated, and that's been -- that's been good. It's meant we've had a great deal of job -- job creation over these years.
And there could be -- there could be room left for that to play out further. In fact, look, policy remains accommodative. We expect further improvement in the labor market. We expect the unemployment rate to move down further and to stay down for the next several years. So we do expect that the path of policy we think is appropriate is one that is going to lead to some further strengthening in the labor market.
QUESTION: Just quickly then, I just want to underscore -- I want to ask you, so following on that, you expect it to move. But what if it doesn't? What if GDP doesn't pick up? What if you don't see wage measures rising? What if you don't -- what if the (inaudible) gets stuck at 1.7 percent? Would you -- is it your view perhaps that if there's a risk right now in the median forecast for dots (ph), that it's fewer hikes this year rather than the consensus or more?
YELLEN: Well, look, our policy is not set in stone. It is data- dependent and we're -- we're not locked into any particular policy path. Our -- you know, as you said, the data have not notably strengthened. I -- there's noise always in the data from quarter to quarter. But we haven't changed our view of the outlook. We think we're on the same path, not -- we haven't boosted the outlook, projected faster growth. We think we're moving along the same course we've been on, but it is one that involves gradual tightening in the labor market.
I would describe some measures of wage growth as having moved up some. Some measures haven't moved up, but there's some evidence that wage growth is gradually moving up which is also suggestive of a strengthening labor market. And we expect policy to remain accommodative now for some time. So we're talking about a gradual path of removing policy accommodation as the economy makes progress moving toward neutral. But we're continuing to provide accommodation to the economy that's allowing it to grow at an above-trend pace that's consistent with further improvement in the labor market.
QUESTION: Hi, John Helpman (ph) of American Banker.
I have a regulatory question, if I may. The administration's recently reiterated its support for a reinstatement of Glass-Steagall. Treasury Secretary Mnuchin has called for a 21st century Glass- Steagall. Keeping in mind that there's no specifics on this proposal, is the fundamental idea of separating commercial banking from investment banking a fruitful line of inquiry? Is this the right path to be pursuing?
YELLEN: So, I've not seen any concrete proposals along this line. I don't really know what a 21st century Glass-Steagall would look like.
I think my reading on the financial crisis is that that wasn't the major source of the financial crisis. In fact, many of the problems emanated from firms that were investment banking units. To me, an important reform in the aftermath of the crisis was to make sure that investment banking activities where -- that were a core part of the shadow banking system where leverage had built, that those were appropriately capitalized, had appropriate liquidity and their management was strengthened and that's what we have tried to do.
But obviously, we would look at any proposals that are put forward. I'm not aware of anything concrete to react to.
QUESTION: So you don't think it's necessary (inaudible)?
YELLEN: Well, I don't think it was the cause of the financial crisis and I do feel that we have significantly strengthened supervision of bank holding companies that incorporate investment banking activities.
QUESTION: Hi, Chair Yellen. I'm Jo Ling Kent with NBC News.
I just want to know, what message are you trying to send consumers with this particular rate hike?
YELLEN: I think that's a great question. I appreciate your asking it. And the simple message is the economy's doing well. We have confidence in the robustness of the economy and its resilience to shocks. It's performed well over the last several years.
We've created since the trough in employment after the financial crisis, around 16 million jobs. The unemployment rate has moved way down. And many more people feel optimistic about their prospects in the labor market.
There's job security. We're seeing more people who are feeling free to quit their jobs, getting outside offers, looking for other opportunities. So, I think the job market, which is an important focus for us is certainly improving.
That's not to say that it's good labor market conditions for every individual in the United States. We know there are problems that face -- particularly people with less skill and education and certain sectors of the economy. But many Americans are enjoying a stronger labor market and feel better -- feel very much better about that.
And inflation is moving -- moving up I think toward our 2-percent objective. And we -- we're operating in a -- in an environment where the U.S. economy is performing well. And we seem pretty balanced. So, I think people can feel good about the economic outlook.
STAFF: Then (ph) to Gina (ph), then to Heather (ph).
QUESTION: Hi. Gina Simas (ph), Bloomberg News. You emphasized in the statement that the Fed's -- Fed's inflation target is symmetric.
Would you be able to expand a little bit on why you did that, why it was included, how much of an overshoot would the Fed be willing to tolerate and for how long?
YELLEN: Well, a couple of years ago, we included the word symmetric in our statement of longer-run goals. And this seemed like an appropriate time to introduce that word into the statement because we had previously indicated that there was a shortfall of inflation from our 2-percent objective.
Now, headline inflation has moved almost back up to 2 percent. As I indicated, a better forward-looking measure of inflation, core inflation. That's not our target, but I think it's work looking at because it's a better forward-looking predictor for headline inflation.
I think that's still running a little under 2 percent. But we expect it's going to move up to 2.
And this seemed like a good time to remind Americans that what our objective is, is 2 percent inflation. Inflation is not always going to be at 2 percent.
It's -- like all economic variables, it fluctuates. Sometimes it's going to be below 2 percent. Sometimes, it's going to be above 2 percent.
We've had a long period in which inflation has run under 2 percent. As we move back to 2 percent, which is where we're heading, there will be some times when it's above 2 percent as well.
And it's a reminder, 2 percent is not a ceiling on inflation. It's a target. It's where we always want inflation to be heading.
And there will be some times when inflation is above 2 percent, just like it's been below 2 percent. We're not shooting for inflation above 2 percent. But it's a reminder that there will be deviations above -- above and below when we're achieving our objective.
QUESTION: How well can you tolerate an overshoot (inaudible)?
YELLEN: Well, we would -- if there were an overshoot and it appeared to be persistent, we would put in place policies to try to bring inflation back to 2 percent. That's the core set of principles that we have adopted in our statement on longer-run goals and strategy.
And exactly how long it will take to get that to 2 percent would depend in part on what was happening with respect to employment and our other objectives. So, there's no hard-and-fast answer to that.
STAFF: Patrick, Gregory (ph) and USA (ph).
QUESTION: Chair Yellen, Patrick Gillespie with CNN. Some fiscal policy proposals, such as the border adjustment tax, would cause the dollar to strengthen significantly over a short period of time.
I realize you can't comment on the specific policy proposal. But if the dollar were to strengthen quickly, over a short period of time, perhaps 20 percent for whatever reason, what would -- what do you think the impact would be on the U.S. economy, particularly in exports and manufacturing? And what do you think would be any implications for U.S. monetary policy.
YELLEN: So, that's a -- that's a difficult question to answer. You ask that question not in an isolated way. What would the impact of a larger appreciation of the dollar be?
But, as I understand it, you asked about it in the context of a border tax adjustment.
Is that right? Because the argument that is made is that what a border tax would do without an exchange rate adjustment is to raise the price of imported goods into the United States. And that large movement in the dollar that analysts claim would occur would essentially, if it were complete, would fully offset the impact of the border tax on U.S. import goods.
So it wouldn't end up having an impact on U.S. inflation or GDP growth. But a question that's very different -- that's a very different matter than if suddenly for some reason the dollar were simply to begin appreciating by a large amount, say because there were flight-to-safety flows into the dollar.
I mean, if -- if the latter were to occur, there were just a big boost in the dollar, it would tend to put downward pressure on inflation and would have a negative effect on U.S. export growth and tend to boost imports.
But that's -- that's a different -- that's a different exercise. I would just say it's very uncertain exactly what would happen to the dollar. There has been a lot of discussion of that. And I think it's complicated and uncertain.
QUESTION: Hi, Chair Yellen. Victoria Guido with Politico.
My question is about Republicans on the House Financial Services Committee wrote to you asking that the Fed not put forward any regulations until a vice chair's provision is in place. So I have a couple of questions about that.
One is are you all pulling back at all on any regulations, maybe not all regulations, but, you know, maybe only going forward with ones that you see as more time-sensitive? And during the hearing before that committee, you mentioned specifically the CCAR stress test rule would have to come out sometime before that next cycle.
Are there any other time-sensitive regulations?
YELLEN: So, at this point, we don't have a lot of time-sensitive regulations. There's nothing right now that we need to get out that's a significant rule. So we have a relatively light regulatory agenda at this point.
We recognize, of course, that we do have an obligation to write the rules that Congress, you know, dictates in laws that they pass. And so that is an ongoing obligation -- obligation that we have. But our calendar is relatively light at this point.
(CROSSTALK)
QUESTION: I'm Nancy Marshall, again, with Marketplace -- back here. (LAUGHTER)
Some Fed critics have said it's too soon to raise interest rates, because wages haven't risen enough to justify a rate increase. What would you say to that?
YELLEN: Well, I don't -- I would like to see wages increase and think there's some scope for them to increase somewhat further. But our objectives are maximum employment and inflation. And we need to consider what path of rates is appropriate to foster those objectives.
Unfortunately, one of the things that's been holding down wage increases is very slow productivity growth. And I think we are seeing some upward pressure as the labor market tightens. I take that as a signal that we're coming closer to our maximum employment objectives. But productivity is, for those focusing on wage growth, productivity is an additional important factor.
(UNKNOWN): Thank you.
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